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Norplant is one of the newest and statistically most effective methods of birth control available to women today. Six matchstick-size implants are inserted in the skin of a woman's inner arm under a local anesthetic. These sticks release a continuous low dosage of a synthetic hormone which inhibits ovulation and also thickens the cervical mucous. Norplant is effective for five years, but may be removed earlier if desired.

Advantages:

Norplant does not involve any interruption between foreplay and intercourse. Effectiveness rates are statistically higher than those for female sterilization. Unlike with oral contraceptives, there is no need to take a pill at a given time each day.

Disadvantages:

Side effects include prolonged menstrual bleeding, spotting between periods or skipped periods. Sometimes these patterns are combined. It is not unusual for a woman to experience a small amount of bleeding each day while using Norplant. Other possible side effects may include: headache, nervousness, nausea, dermatitis, acne, change in appetite, weight gain, breast tenderness, hair growth or loss, and enlargement of the ovaries and/or fallopian tubes.

Depro-Provera is a shot of progestin that must be given once every three months. Like Norplant and the Pill, Depro-Provera prevents ovulation. It also causes changes in the cervical mucus which prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

The first shot of Depro-Provera must be given within five days of the beginning of a period unless the woman has been using the Pill or an IUD. Depro-Provera begins to give protection against pregnancy within 24 hours of the first shot. The medicine slowly wears off over time, and one cannot count on being protected from pregnancy after the twelve week mark.

Advantages:

No need to remember to take a pill each day. No interruption between foreplay and intercourse. Some women consider it an advantage that Depro-Provera may, if taken for an extended time, eliminate monthly periods.

Disadvantages:

Possible side effects include menstrual changes, pregnancy symptoms, weight changes and mental depression. Because Depro-Provera is injected, it cannot be neutralized or reversed should side effects be experienced. Side effects may last until the shot wears off. It takes an average of 9-10 months from the last shot before a woman can become pregnant.

The intrauterine device, or IUD, is a small device that is placed inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. At the present time only one IUD is available for insertion, the Progestasert. This IUD must be replaced yearly.

The exact method in which the IUD functions is unknown but it appears to interfere with the implantation of a fertilized egg. Infection fighting white blood cells gather in the lining of the uterus and disrupt the normal structure of the uterine lining. The Progestasert IUD further improves its effectiveness by releasing progesterone into the uterus.

An IUD may cause pelvic inflammatory disease or make an existing infection worse. Also, an IUD user has a risk of developing a pelvic infection that is 1.5 times greater than someone using another method of birth control.

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